nwụrụ peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide dị ọcha bụ mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agba nke na-eji mmiri eme ihe. A na-enyekarị ya dị ka ngwọta 40%(w/w) mana a na-enwetakwa ya ruo ca 70%(w/w). A na-eji ya eme ihe n'isi ka ịcha ọcha.

A na-eji hydrogen peroxide eme ihe

A na-eji ihe ịcha ọcha nke hydrogen peroxide mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ikekwe ojiji ọ maara nke ọma kwa ụbọchị bụ na ngwaahịa ndị a na-eji na-asa akwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke VanishTM. A na-eji nnukwu hydrogen peroxide mee sodium perborate na sodium percarbonate, nke a na-eji dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha n'ime mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike. A na-eme sodium perborate, NaBO3.4H2O, site na ịgbakwunye hydrogen peroxide na ngwọta nke sodium metaborate na sodium hydroxide. A na-akwado sodium percarbonate site n'ịgbakwụnye hydrogen peroxide na ngwọta nke sodium carbonate.

Ihe osise 1 Ojiji hydrogen peroxide.

Ọgụgụ 2 Ezefisher nwere ike iri nri n'osimiri emetọbu nke emetọchara site na iji ngwọta nke hydrogen peroxide gwọọ ya.
Site obiọma ikike nke Solvay.    

Ọ bụ ezie na iji ya mee ihe n'ihe nchacha na-akpata nnukwu hydrogen peroxide, a na-eji ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta maka akwụkwọ ịcha ọcha (na-amụba nchapụta ya), pulp osisi na akwa ákwà. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nnukwu osisi abatala iyi na Antwerp (Belgium) nakwa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Map Ta Phut (Thailand). A na-ewu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nke atọ n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Saudi Arabia, na Ọwara Persian, na Jubail. Osisi atọ ahụ ga-emepụta hydrogen peroxide nke a ga-eji mee epoxypropane (propylene oxide) site na oxidation nke propene. A ga-eji Epoxypropane, n'aka nke ya, na-emepụta polyurethane n'isi.

Nleba anya nke Man Ta Phut petrochemical complex na Gulf of Thailand, nke dị nso na ókèala Cambodia, a na-enye ọrụ na-emepụta hydrogen peroxide n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ ike na-amị n'elu 3 330 ton nke hydrogen peroxide otu afọ, ndị kasị ibu dị otú ahụ osisi n'ụwa. Foto a na-egosi ụlọ elu distillation ejiri maka ikewa alkane na gas sitere n'okike. A na-enweta hydrogen a chọrọ iji mee hydrogen peroxide site na methane dị na gas sitere n'okike.
Site na ikike nke ịhụnanya Krittaya (Wikimedia Commons)    

Mmepụta hydrogen peroxide kwa afọ

(kwuru dị ka H2O2 100%)

Ụwa 4.3 nde tọn1    

China 1.5 nde ton2    

US 400 000 tonne2    

Belgium 300 000 tonne2    

Thailand 300 000 tonne2    

Canada 200 000 tonne2    

Data sitere na:
1. Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd. 2015
2. Atụmatụ sitere na Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd. 2015

Imepụta hydrogen peroxide

Ihe karịrị 99% nke hydrogen peroxide bụ usoro autoxidation arụpụtara.

Isi usoro bụ:
a) hydrogenation nke anthraquinone
b) oxidation nke anthraquinol sitere na ya
c) mmịpụta nke hydrogen peroxide ngwọta
d) ịdị ọcha na ntinye nke hydrogen peroxide

Ọgụgụ 4 Echiche nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta hydrogen peroxide na Leuna, na nso Leipzig na Germany.
Site n'obiọma ikike nke Arkema.    

The usoro

Achịkọtara mmeghachi omume ndị a na eserese 4.

(a) Hydrogenation nke anthroquinone

A na-ejikarị usoro 2-ethyl eme ihe na anthraquinone.

Ngwọta nke 2-ethylanthraquinone n'ime usoro ihe mgbaze agwakọta nke nwere hydrocarbon na-abụghị polar na ihe mgbaze polar, na nkwusioru nke nickel ma ọ bụ palladium nke dabeere na nkwado siri ike, bụ hydrogenated site na iji hydrogen gas na ca 320 K. Mbelata. 2-alkylanthraquinol pụtara. A na-ewepụ ihe na-akpali akpali site na nzacha ma megharịa ya.

(b) Oxidation nke anthraquinol

Ngwọta nke 2-ethylanthraquinol na-emezi oxidized site na ikuku na hydroperoxide, nke na-emeghachi na mmiri iji gbanwee 2-ethylanthraquinone ma mepụta ngwọta dilute nke hydrogen peroxide.

Ọgụgụ 5 Imepụta hydrogen peroxide site na iji 2-ethylanthraquinone.

Ya mere mmeghachi omume n'ozuzu ya bụ:

Ọgụgụ 6 Ngalaba oxidiser maka mmepụta hydrogen peroxide na Jarrie, ndịda Grenoble, France.
Site n'obiọma ikike nke Arkema.    

(c) Mwepụta nke hydrogen peroxide ngwọta

A na-agbakwunye mmiri iji wepụ peroxide dị ka ihe ngwọta mmiri nwere 40% hydrogen peroxide. A na-emegharị oyi akwa ihe mgbaze na mpaghara hydrogenation maka mmeghachi omume ọzọ.

(d) Ịdị ọcha na itinye uche nke hydrogen peroxide

A na-eji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-edozi mmiri na-edozi mmiri hydrogen peroxide ngwọta na ikuku na-ebufe ya iji wepụ quinone fọdụrụnụ na ihe mgbaze wee mepụta ngwaahịa 40%. Ngwa ụfọdụ na-achọ ngwaahịa ịta ahụhụ dị elu nke a na-emepụta site na ịta ahụhụ ma ọ bụ distillation na mkpokọta ruru 70%.

Hydrogen peroxide n'ụdị ya dị ọcha bụ ihe kwụsiri ike. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ebutere ya na ụfọdụ ihe mmetọ (karịsịa ọla dị arọ) ọ nwere ike decompose. Ya mere, a na-agbakwunyekarị stabilizers na ngwaahịa. Ha na-eme ihe site na iji akara ọ bụla nke ion mgbanwe mgbanwe dị ugbu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mbelata nke hydrogen peroxide na-emebi emebi. A na-ahụkarị ihe nkwụsi ike bụ sodium stannate (IV) (nke hydrolyzes na tin (IV) hydroxide) na phosphates dị iche iche.

 Ihe atụ 7 A na-ebupụ ihe ngwọta hydrogen peroxide, ebe ọ na-esi ebe e mere ya. A na-eji ya eme hydrazine. A na-eji hydrazine mee ihe dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na ọtụtụ satịlaịtị na dị ka ihe mbụ maka sodium azide (onye na-emepụta gas na akpa ikuku) na maka ụdị ọgwụ dị iche iche.

Site n'obiọma ikike nke Arkema.